CONTENTS
1. Editorial …………………………………………..………………………..……..
2. Lehkhathawn : (i) President, Vanva Project FMC Haulawng,
Lunglei District. (ii) Mizoram Agriculture Student Union. ….......
3. Articles :
1. Pataima Huang ………………………………………………...…………
- B. Vanhnuna, S. Lungpher
2. Women in Agriculture in Mizoram ……………………………..
- H. Thankhuma, Dy. Director (Extension)
3. Biological Control - Organic Farming atan ………………….
- James Lalsiamliana, A.P.P.O.
4. Mobilisation of Farm Power and Machineries for yield
Maximisation …………………………………………………………….
- Beizawzi T. Azyu, S.C.E.
5. Action Taken Report on One Day State Level Workshop
for Awareness Campaign of D.A.C. …..…………………….…..
- R. Zoramthanga, A.A.I.O.
6. Cropping Pattern for Maximise Production………….……
- R. L. Thanzuala, D.A.O. Kolasib
7. Seminar-cum-Workshop Kawlkulh ah neih a ni…..…….
- H. Neihchhunga, A.E.O, Kawlkulh Circle
8. Ran vulhtu hausa te………………………………………………..…
- R. Thansanga, Additional Secretary. Govt. of Mizoram
9. Cereal Crops……………………………….……….............................
- Daniela, D.A.O. (A.E.) Office.
10. Role of Extension in yield maximization……..……………..
- C. Lalzarliana, Joint Director (R & D)
11. Estimation of Crop Production………..…………….....……….
- Dr H. Saithantluanga, i/c Agronomist.
12. Effect of Integrated use of Organic & Inorganic Manures
on yield Parameters of Groundnut……………………………
- Dr. K. Laximinarayana, Scientist (ICAR) Kolasib
13. Hriselna Huang……………………………………………… ...........
- Lalnunpuii Parte, A.A.I.
14. Keimahni……………………………..……………..…………………….
AGRI MAG ZORAM LONEITU Apr. – June 2001
2003
Editor
Dr. O. P. Singh
Director of Agriculture
& Minor Irrigation
Joint Editors
H. Thankhuma
Dy. Director of Agriculture
(Extension)
R.Zoramthanga
AAIO
Cir. Manager
Saitluanga Sailo
Foreman
Zoram Loneitu-a
thu chhuah duh nei
emaw, lehkha thawn
duh emaw chuan a
hnuaia Address-ah
thawn tur a ni.
Editor
ZORAM LONEITU
P.O. Box – 098
Dte. of Agriculture,
Mizoram : Aizawl.
Pin - 796001
EDITORIAL
Mizote hi hnam taima tak kan ni a. Tunlaia thatchhia ni anga kan insawina
te hi chu awlsam zawk leh hah vak ngai lova sum hmuh kan tum vang leh kan inzirtir
(intihhmuh) vang chauh a ni a. Kan thlai chinte an thar that theih a ‘man man takin a
hralh theih ani’ tih kan hriat chuan theih tawp chhuah in kan thawk peih vek a. Hei hian
hnam taima kan nih zia a ti chiang hle in a lang.
Taima tak leh rim taka kan thawhna te erawh hi chuan a phutawk a hlawh
chhuak lo hle a. Hei hi a chhan leh vang tam tak zingah thil tihdan (modern technology),
mithiam ten an lo hmuhchhuah leh chhutchhuah te hmang lova tunhma, kan lo mawl lai
a kan pipute tihdan hlui kan la hman cheu vang hi ni pakhatin a langa.
ZORAM LONEITU ah hian kut hnathawktute tan hriattur pawimawh leh
tangkai tur thu tha tak tak a awm thin a. Hengte hi kan bawhzui a, Agriculture
mithiamte kan rawn peih chuan tunhma aiin kan huan/lo atanga thar chhuah pawh a
hlawk zawk ngeiin a rinawm.
Tin, Mizoram a thil thar, kan tangkaipui em em tur ni alang, “Women in
Agriculture” te hi nuho chauh in buaipui lovin paho pawhin kan theih ang chin chin a kan
thlawp leh tuipui a tha hle ang. Hemi atang hian chhungkaw changkanna leh sum leh pai
lama phuisuina a awm thei a ni.
LEHKHATHAWN
(i)
To,
The Editor,
Zoram Loneitu,
Aizawl, Mizoram.
Ka pu,
I chanchinbu “Zoram Loneitu” ah kan lawmthum sawina hi hun remchang
hmasa a min lo chhuah sak ve turin ka ngen a che.
HAULAWNG VANVA PROJECT F.M.C. TEN
LAWMTHU KAN SAWI E
Haulawng, Vanva Project-ah hian leilet WRC siam theihna ram leh thlasik
thlai chinna ram tha a awm duai nain khua atanga 10 km laia hla a ni a. Tun
hmain chhungkaw tlem te chauhvin hma an la thei a. Kum 1994-95 vel khan
Agriculture Department atangin tanpuina Rs. 5,000/- den denin kan lo dawng ve
tawh a, kan tangkai pui hle a ni.
1. Nikum, kum 2000 khan Agriculture lama kan hotuten thlasik thlai chi,
Zikhlum, Antam chi hrang hrang etc.. a thlawnin min supply a. Kan hlawhtlin pui
hle a ni. Sum lam pawh a sang tel leh a sing tel tein kan hmuh phah ve a ni. Nul
siam ve thei lote pawhin anhnah tharlam tha tak tak, man tlawm te tein kan lei
theih phah bawk a ni.
2. Kum 2001 hian Vanva Project-ah Agriculture Department-in WRC atan
Land Development min han tihsak zui leh a. Hei hi Haulawng leh Bualpui-a WRC
nei in 54 laite chuan kan chhawr tangkai hle a ni.
Aizawl leh Lunglei lama kan hotuten thahnem min ngaihpui em em a.Min
bialtu A.E.O. Pu C. Vanlalhruaia leh a Staff-ten kan hlawhtlinpui loh hlauvin min
fuih sauh sauh reng a. Vanva phai ruamah buk leh thlam nuam lo tak takah riak
lutin hma lak dan tur a hmunah min zirtirin min kawhhhmuh zel bawk a. Riak
meuhva hun rei tak mai taima taka kan thawh avang hian kan sum hmuh ang
ang pawh daihzai takin kan hmang thei a ni. Kumin atang hian buh leh thlai
tharah nasa takin hma kan sawn ngei dawn niin a lang a ni..
Heng kan hlawhtlinna thahnem min ngaihpuitu bialtu MLA-te, Minister te,
Director leh a thawhpuite zawng zawng chungah lawm thu kan sawi a ni.
Sd/-
R. LALHMINGLIANA
President
Vanva Project F.M.C
Haulawng, Lunglei District.
(ii)
To,
The Editor
ZORAM LONEITU
Aizawl, Mizoram
Subj : Chanchinbua min chhuahsak tura ngenna.
Ka pu,
Heng a hnuaia kan rawn tarlante hi I chanchinbuah khawngaih a
min lo tihlan sak ve turin kan ngen a che.
Keini, Mizoram Agriculture Student’s Union chuan a hnuaia hming
kan tarlante hi kum 2001-2002 chhunga min hruaitu atan kan thlang e.
1. President : P.C. Lalvensanga, Central Agriculture University (CAU)
2. Vice President : C. Malsawmkima, NU: SASRD
3. Gen. Secretary : Vanlalhmuaka Ngente, CAU
4. Asst. Secretary : Joseph Lalnuntluanga, NU : SASRD
5. Fin. Secretary : C. Rualthankhuma, NU: SASRD
6. Treasurer : Donny Lalfakzuala, CAU
Kan lawm e.
Sd/- Sd/-
(Vanlalhmuaka Ngente) (P.C. Lalvensanga)
Gen. Secretary President
Mizoram Agriculture Students’ Union
Pa taima Huang
TUILEHLUANG NWDPRA PROJECT S. LUNGPHER HMALAKNA
HNUAI A KA HLAWHTLIN DAN LEH KA HMASAWNNA TE
HMING : B. Vanhnuna, Chhimtuipui District
PA HMING : B. Nikunga
KHUA : S. Lungpher
RAM NEIHNA : Lungpher ram Khuailui kam tuilehluang NWDPRA AREAS
RAM ZAU ZAWNG : 3.00 Hac.
Tuilehluang NWDPRA S. Lungpher hmalakna hnuaiah kum 1999 February
atangin tlang leilet (Hill Terrace) siam hi kan tan a, DAO Saiha leh a staff Project Officer
te’n theih tawp min chhuah pui a. Tunah hian buh leh thlai chi hrang hrang chin
theihna tur leilet bial 35 nos. ka nei a, kum 2000 hian buh IR-64 leh PMR- 162 ka ching
a, arah a thain a hmin tha hle a, quintal 4 ka thara, ka leilet bial neih zawng zawngah ka
chin vek loh avangin ka thar tam lova, kum 2001 AD ah chuan ka bial neih zawng
zawngah chin vek ka tum a, chutiang tur chuan hma ka la mek a ni.
Ka leilet (Bial Terrace) Buh ka chin lohna hmunah Bekang (JS-335) leh Vaimim
ka chinga, ka thar hlawk in lawmawm ka ti hle a. Bekang hi 0.3 hac.ah ka ching a, tin 8
ka thar a. Vaimim pawh tin 23 ka thar bawk a, ka thar tlemna chhan nia ka hriat chu a
lei a la thar vang niin ka hria. Kum 2001 chuan tam tham tak thar ka beisei.
He project hmalakna hnuaiah hian Buh leh Bekang, Vaimim ka seng zawh ve leh
November 17, 2000 atangin thlasik thlai chi hrang hrang ka ching mek a, ka hlawhtlin
ngei ka beisei bawk.
Heng thlai chi hrang hrang hi DAO Saiha Office atangin athlawn in ka la a, thlai
chi mai bakah tuilakna tur aluminium pipe a thlawn in min pe a, min fit sak bawk a.
Chu mai ni lovin dugout pond te min siam sak a, dugout pond-ah chuan tui ka khawl a,
chu chu thlai chawm nan ka hmang tangkai em em a. Thlai chawm nan bakah dugout
pond min siam sakah chuan sangha chi ka thlah a, a thang chakin eizawnna tling
khawp ni mai thei dawn in ka hria a, ka lawm tak meuh a ni.
He project hian min ti hmasawnin ka tangkai pui em em a, tun atanga kum 3
emaw tal min la pui se loneitu hlawhtling tak ka nih ngei ka beisei.
Women in Agriculture in Mizoram
H. Thankhuma,
Dy. Director (Extension)
Kum 1991 chhiarpui neih kum khan India ram ah hmeichhia 406.38 million
(Nuai sangli sawmruk pathum leh sangriat) an awm in za zel ah 75 chu thingtlang mi
an ni a. Hmeichhia za zel ah 34 ten agriculture lam kawng hawi zawng in hna an thawk
ani.
Hmeichhia te hian agriculture ah
tangkaina an neih rual in Rural Deve-
lopment Programme ah te leh Prog-
ramme hrang hrang ah te hian hmeichhe
ho bik liau liau a Programme duan a la
awm ngai lova.
Hei hi hriatpuiin Central Sorkar
chuan “Women in Agriculture” hi VIII
Five Year Plan hnuaiah a lo duang chh-
uak ta a, a hmasa ber in India ram state
hrang hrang Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh,
Punjab, Haryana, Kerela, Rajasthan leh
Himachal Pradesh ah te tan ani a; a
hlawhtlin em avangin Hmarchhak State
5 (Panga) ah te hian enchhin leh tur a
duan chhuah (pilot basis) ani leh ta a ni.
Heng state thlan thar leh te hi Megha-
laya, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, Tri-
pura an ni a. Heng state panga ah te hian
District pakhat theuh thlan phawt a, a
hlawhtlin dan a zirin distrit dangah
pawh la chhunzawm zel tur a ni ang.
He Scheme in a thil tum ber chu :-
1. Agriculture leh a kaihhna-
wih thil a hlawk leh intunnun nan a
hman theih tura thiamna tunlai zawk leh
changkang zawk (technical support) leh
thlai chite (input support) pek leh zirtir.
2. Inchhung chetvel leh eisiam
dan kawngah hma an sawn nan a zirtir.
3. Bank loan leh tanpuina dang,
co-operative society te dintir tura
hmalak sak.
4. Lo hnathawktu hmeichhia te
pawl a siam a, chung ho chu agriculture
lam a thiam thil thehdarhtu atan a
hmanrua a hman.
TARGET GROUP
- Lo enkawllai mek hmei-
chhia.
- Loneih lam a rorelna a tel
ve hmeichhia te.
- Thiamna thar leh lo neih
dan changkang zawk seng
lut duh chhungkua.
DISTRICT AGENCY
District Level a thawk tur hian
Non-Government Organisation nise duh-
thusam a ni a. Heng NGO te hian Farm
Women Group din leh hnathawhna
kawngah hma la in mawhphurna an nei
ang. Agency thlan te chuan hengte hi an
nei tur a ni.
- Thingtlang nun hnuaihnung
ber thlenga thil hriat.
- Loneitu hmeichhia te nen a
inkungkaihna tha tak.
- Thingtlang mite mamawh
leh harsatna hriatpui.
- Lo lamah leh inlam hmei-
chhia loneitute hnathawh
thin hriatpui.
- Input agencies ten district
chhung a hna an thawh thin
hriatpui.
- Coordinator atan a hmei-
chhia nei pawl nise.
Agency a chunga tarlan tak
tihlawhtling thei an awm chuan State
Government in Government of India
hriattir in an thlang tur a ni a.
Non-Governmental agency tha tak
thlanchhuah theih an awm loh chuan
heng te hi District Agency atan thlan
theih an ni.
1. Agriculture University/ Home
Science College/ ICAR Institutes Work-
ing with Women Group.
2. District Women Development
agencies.
3.District Agricultural Authorities.
State Department of Agriculture
chuan Nodal agency a nihna angin
District level a hnathawk tur District
implementing agency (a theih chuan
NGO) a thlang ang a, sawi tawh angin an
awm loh chuan hmun dang atang
pawhin a la thei a ni.
FACILITATORS
District Implementing Agency te
hian facilitators 3 an ruat tur ani a. Heng
facilitators te hi Agriculture/ Home
Science/ Other related subject a
graduate an ni tur a ni. Tin, heng
facilitators te hian an hnathawhna hmun
a thil pawimawh, a hniam ber atangin an
hre tur a ni. Facilitators te hian Sub-
Division level ah hna an thawk bawk tur
a ni. Tin, facilitators te hian Women
Group an din tur a ni.
Facilitators te hi kawng hrang
hranga training nei an ni tur a ni a.
Facilitators training hi induction training
an ti a, Directorate of Extension,
Ministry of Agriculture mawhphurhna
niin State Agricultural University ah
emaw, ICAR hmunah emaw neih tur a ni.
- Training chhung hi thlakhat
a ni ang.
- Refresher Course karhnih
awh project period chhung-
in kumtin neih ziah bawk
tur ni.
FORMULATION/IDENTIFICATION OF
THE GROUPS
Facilitators thar te chuan loneitu
hmeichhia te kilkawi in pawlah an siam
anga. Pawl (Group) khatah mi 20 zel an
ni tur a ni. Pawlkhat a mi te hi khawkhat
a mi ni ngei thei se a tha a, tin, khawkhat
a mi in a daih loh chuan khaw hnaivai a
mi an ni tur a ni a, hei hi facilitators te
remchan dan leh thingtlang khua a mi
chengzat a zir ani ang.
Facilitators te hian pawl Sawm -
Pawl khata mi 20 zel awm an din tur a ni
a. Chutichuan facilitator pakhat zel in mi
200 a ho dawn tihna anih chu. Heng mi
200 te hi ‘multiplier effect’ hmangin la
punchhoh leh tur a ni.
Farm Women Group te hi Krishak
Mahila Shakti Samuhas ti a koh an ni ang
a, District Agricultural office hnuaiah leh
V/C hnuaiah register tur a ni.
Mizoramah chuan implementing
agency atan State Agriculture Depart-
ment ruat a ni a, Pawl (Group) 30 siam
tur a ni. Tin, district ah chuan Lunglei
district, Hnahthial leh a chhehvel khua te
thlan an ni a, hengah te hian Hmeichhia
Group (Women Group) thlan chhuah an
ni. He scheme hi kum 2000-2001 atang a
tan in heng khua te hi thlan an ni :-
1. Hnahthial
2. Tuipui ‘D’
3. Leite
4. Thiltlang
5. Pangzawl
6. Rawpui.
BASELINE SURVEY
He Scheme Guidelines in a tarlan
ang in Facilitators thlan 3 te hian
Baseline Survey an nei tawh a. He
Survey hian thingtlang hmeichhe
dinhmun kimchang taka hriat sak a tum
ber a ni. He survey report atang hian
hma lak dan tur hrang hrang pawh duan
chhuah a ni.
INDUCTION TRAINING
He Training hi facilitators
te tan a tih bIk a ni a, ICAR Complex,
Barapani ah neih a ni. He training ah
hian Agriculture leh a kaihhnawih
kawng hrang hrangah thiamna leh
Technology thar zawk te zirtir an ni a,
chu chu loneitu hmeichhe ho tana la
tangkai tur ang ngaihtuah a programme
pawh duan a ni.
He scheme hnuai ah hian a
ram leilung leh mihring cheng te azirin
hmalak a ni a. Mizoram ah chuan heng
hmeichhe group ho te hnenah hian thlai
chi tha leh thar hlawk chi te sem a ni a.
Tin, heng bakah hian hetiang hian
hmalak tawh a ni :-
Panhnah huan “Women in Agriculture“ nuho in
Vairengte ami an tlawh lai (13.7.2001)
Thiltlanga “Women in Agricultutre” nuho jam,
pickle, jelly etc., siam dan zirtir an ni (6.7.2001)
Champhaia D.A.E. office sak mek Agriculture
Minister Pu Aichhinga’n a tlawh (8.6.2001)
Chief Guest Pu Aichhinga, Minister, Agriculture
etc., in One Day State Level Workshop a hawng lai
(24.7.2001)
1. PIGGERY :- Hmeichhe Group ho
ten local breed an thlakthleng theih nan
vawk chi tha zawk te pek an ni. Vawk
note 8 Group 4 hnenah pek an ni a, heng
te hi pawl anga enkawl in an buaipui
dawn a ni. He hmalakna hian a tum ber
chu nu hote’n lo hna thawh leh thlai
thar bakah sum lakluhna hran an lo
neih theih nan a ni.
2. BEE-KEEPING :- Group 8 hnenah
khuai bawm te pek a ni a, hei pawh hi
group hmalakna tur a tih a ni a. Heng
khuai bawm te hi serthlum huanah te
dah a ni a, hei hian an income bakah
natural pollination ah a pui dawn a ni.
3. DISEASES & PEST MANAGE-
MENT :- Hmeichhe Group hovin hma an
lo lak tawhna (thlai ah bik) leh he
Scheme hnuaia an bul tanna a an har-
satna te buaipui sak in field visit te neih
a ni a. Panhnah ching tute hnenah an
panhnah natna enkawl dan te zirtir an
ni bawk.
4. FOOD PRESERVATION :-
Thingtlang nuho te hian an thlai leh thei
tharchhuah te a dahthat danah harsatna
an tawk nasa em em a, chumi kawng a
tanpui tur chuan Pickle leh Jam siam te,
a tihro dan te zirtir an ni bawk.
5. WEAVING :- Nuho ten lo lam
hnathawh bakah sum an lakluh ve theih
nan puantah lamah training pek an ni
bawk. Heta tan hian puantah khawl 2
Group 2 hnenah pek an ni a, a zirtir tur
te pawh lawmman pek a rawih sak an
ni.
6. STUDY TOUR :- Heng Group thlan
ho te hi State chhungah tour neih pui an
ni a, hetah hian loneih lam a hma sawn-
na turin Agriculture Farm te leh mimal
huan nei tha deuh te tlawhpui an ni.
Heng a chung a kan tarlan te bakah
hian thil dang dangah pawh hma lakpui
tum an ni a. Tin, hma lo lak tawhna
enkawl zuina (follow-up programme)
tur pawh kalpui tum a ni. Tunah result
langsar em em awm rih lo mahse, he
scheme hian a thil tum ber hi a
hlawhtlin pui ngei beisei a ni.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL - ORGANIC FARMING ATAN
-James Lalsiamliana,
Asst. Plant Protection Officer.
Rannung thah nan leh thlai natna enkawlna atana damdawi hman luattuk
thatlohna hriat chhoh zel a lo nih hian, thilnung emaw, rannung vek emaw hmang a
thlai venhim (biological control) hi a rawn lar chho ta zel a. ‘Biological Control’ kan han
tih hian thilnung chi hrang hrang leh thlai te leh rannung te thlai ven nan a hman
tangkai dan a ni a. Kalphung pangngai han her danglam hret a thlai tichhetu te chu tha
thei lo a siam hi biological control innghahna chu a ni.
Biological Control hmanna hmasa
ber pawl ni a lang chu, kum tam tak kalta
a Chinese hovin an ser rah ven nan a
‘Saihmarthur’ an ser huana an vahdarh
tir thin kha a ni awm e. Kan ramah ngei
pawh ser kung a saihmarthur vahdarh
tirna hmun a awm nual a. Ser lawh chu a
tinuamlo deuh na chungin heng rannung
te hian ser zuk tu leh eichhetu rannung
te an lo vai ve thin a ni.
Kum zabi sawm leh paruk atanga
zabi sawm leh pariat inkar vel khan
biological control chungchang hian ngai-
hven a rawn hlawh tan a. Thlai tichhe tu
rannung te chaw atana ring a lo suat
mawlh mawlh tu, rannung tangkai te chu
thlai ven nan a hman tangkai leh zual
dan ngaihtuahin zirmite chuan an rilru
an seng chho nasa telh telh a. Hetiang
rannung tangkai te hi hmun hrang hrang
leh ram hrang hrang atang te a lakhawm
in thlai ven nan hman a ni ta zel a.
Kum 1940 bawr chho a DDT leh
damdawi dang hmuhchhuah a lo nih
khan, rannung tangkai hmanga thlai
venna hi a han hnufum zawk a. Hei hi a
chhan chu heng damdawi hmuhchhuah
thar te hian hna an thawh chak zawk
vang kan ti thei ang. Amaherawhchu,
heng damdawi hman luat hian mihring
hriselna a tibuai thei a, tin, chenna bo-
ruak leh leilung thlengin a ti bawrhbang
thei tih hriatchhuah a lo nih tak zelah
chuan biological control chuan ngaihven
a rawn hlawh chho leh ta a ni.
Tichuan, Biological Control chu
rannung/thilnung te hman tangkai theih
tur a vulh emaw, enkawl pun a , a tul dan
a zir a ram dang atang pawh a la lutin,
thlai tichhetu rannung leh natna te
tihrem nan a hman hi a ni a.
Biological Control atana hman thil
nung chi hrang hrang ‘bioagents’ te chu-
an heng nungchang te hi an neih a tul a.
- rannung chimawm leh thlai
tichhetu te nen khawsakna leh chenna
hmun khat a khawsa a cheng thei an ni
tur a ni.
- inthlahchhawng zung zung thei
emaw, tam tak an inthlahchhawng thei
emaw an ni tur a ni.
- rannung chimawm chu a zawng
chhuak thei tur a ni a.
- rannung chimawm chu a va bei
chat chat thei tur a ni.
- khawi pun theih a ni tur a ni a.
- hmelma leh ral nei ngah lo a ni
tur a ni.
Hetia rannung tangkai hi hmuh
fuh an han nih takah chuan, vulh pun an
nih hnuah lo leh huanah chuan chhuah
tur an ni ta a. Hmun hran emaw ram
pawn atang emaw a lakluh an nih chuan,
an khawsakna thar tur boruak chu an
ngeih zawng a nih a pawimawh a. Tin,
hetia chhuah an nih lai hun hian an
rannung va suat tur chu loah emaw,
huanah emaw chuan an awm ngei tawh
tur a ni. Lo hmuna chhuah an nih chuan
kan rannung chhuah chu tam tawk tak
nisela duhthusam a ni.
Thil pawimawh tak kan hriat
atana tul chu, biological control hi a mah
mai hi chuan a hlawhtling har a.
Chuvang chuan thlai ven dan kawng
dang, Integrated Pest Management te
nen a tan ho hi a tha ber a ni.
Biological Control thatna pakhat
chu, vawikhat a inbunngheh tawh chuan
tan that leh fo a ngai lo thin a ni. An
mahni an inthlahpun theih avangin tha
sen a tlem thei a, chubak ah mihring tan
a him bik a ni.
Biological Control-ah hian tih-
dan kawng thum a awm a, chungte
chu :
1. Rannung tha ram pawn lam
atanga chawk luh.
2. Rannung tha chawk luh leh
lo awmsa te humhalh.
3. Rannung tha te chu a khat
tawk a vulh pun a, lo/huan a chhuah
darh.
Rannung tangkai te enkawl a
humhim dan :
1. Thlai phun loh kar hian
rannung tha te hi humhim hram dan
ngaihtuah a ngai a. Entirnan, Fu hmunah
chuan fu kan sengna kuang bangah fu
eichhetu rannung lo that ve leh tu,
Epipyrops an tih te chu an cheng thin a.
Heng fu sengna hnu te hi halral loh a kan
zuah chuan, fu phun leh hunah heng
rannung tha te hian fu tichhetu rannung,
Pyrilla perpusilla chu an rawn suat leh
nghal thei a ni.
2. Leilung lehphut vak te,
hnim hal te hian rannung tangkai te kan
tihlum teuh thin a. Chuvangin heng
lakah hian kan fimkhur a ngai em em
mai a. A hma a kan han sawi tak fu a
rannung tangkai awm te pawh kha mei
avang hian an thi rem thei a ni.
3. Thlai chi hrang hrang phun
pawlhna hmunah te hian rannung
tangkai ho hi thahnem tak an cheng thin
a. Chuvangin thlai mal ngawk a phun/
tuh loh hi rannung tangkai inthlahpun
nan a tha em em a ni.
4. Rannung thahna leh thlai
natna venna damdawi tam tak hi
rannung tangkai ho tan pawh a hlauh-
awm thin a. Chuvang chuan huan leh lo a
damdawi kan hman dawn pawh hian
fimkhur a ngai em em a, tin, kan hmanna
turah kan chiang tur a ni. Thulakna te :
1. Atwal, A.S. 1986. Agricultural
Pests of India and South-East.
2. Chattopadhyay, S.B. 1985. Prin-
ciples and Procedures of Plant
Protection.
Oxford & IBH. Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi.
MOBILISATION OF FARM POWERS AND
MACHINERIES FOR YIELD MAXIMISATION
By Beizawzi T. Azyu,
Soil Conservation Engineer,
Dte. of Agri. & M.I.
Thlai thar chhuah (Agril. production) nei turin Inputs a pawimawh zia hi
chu kan hre tlang vek ang a. Irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power leh tools and imple-
ments te an ni a. Mizovin pipute atanga hmanrua, Tools & Implements kan hman ber
chu chem., tuthlawh, chemkawm, favah leh bawngtuthlawh te hi an ni deuh mai a. Tun
hnai deuhah lei leh nan - hal leh lawi te kan hmang leh a. Heng hmanruate hmang lo hi
chuan thlai tam tham tak, sengso lutuk lova thar theih chi a ni lova. Chuvangin
hmanrua changkang leh khawl hmanga hnathawh hi kan tih makmawh a ni. Farm
mechanisation tih subject a kan luh hmain Crop Production a thar tam thei tur a tih
hmasak ngai pawimawh zualte I han sawi thuak ila.
Buh leh bala intodelh leh
economic dinhmun tisang pha tur chuan
Intensive Farming-a kan luh a co-
operative society (entirnan :- FMC, WUA,
etc) fel tak a din a ngai hmasa a. Chuta lut
thei tur chuan thil pawimawh tam tak a
awm a, a vain kan sawi seng lovang a, a
pawimawh zual thenkhat han thlurbing ta
ila, chungte chu :-
I. Irrigation - Water Distribution and
Management - tui a hun bi tak leh a
mamawh tawk rual khai tak a, loneitu tin
te hnenah an thlai chin a zira sem.
II. Agronomy
Cropping Varietal Fertility
Pattern Selection Management
III. Farm Machinery -
i) Primary Tillage - hard soil, rough
land, - disc plough, M.B. plough, etc.
ii) Secondary Tillage - freshly plough-
ed land - disc/spring tyne harrow- versa-
tile can be used as light harrow or light
cultivator, puddler, ridger, furrow maker,
leveller etc.
iii) Sowing - seed drill, planter.
iv) Inter-culture - cultivator, weeder,
spring tyne harrow.
v) Harvesting - potato digger/harves-
ter, paddy harvester, ground nut digger
etc.
vi) Threshing - beater, spike tooth cyli-
nder, rack type thresher, decoriticator etc.
I. IRRIGATION :
Thlai hian mihringte ang bawkin
nunna atan leh than len nan tui an
mamawh a. Thlai hrang hrangin tui an
mamawh dan erawh a inang vek lo. Kha-
wvel awm phungah thlai hian van ruahtui
atangin an mamawh tui an dawng ber.
Heng ruahtui te hi mihringten a kan
thunun (control) theih loh an ni. Thlai in a
mamawh aia tlem ruahtui a dawn chuan a
thang tha thei lova, tin, a thar chhuak
(yield) pawh a tlem phah thin a ni, ‘bakah
a quality a tha thei lo. Chutiang bawkin
thlaiin a mamawh aia tam ruahtui a dawn
chuan a chhiatpui thin a ni.
Thlai in a mamawh tawk chiah tui
an dawn hi a pawimawh em em a, thlai
alo that zawk theih nan leh thar chhuah
alo tam zawk theih nan a, thlai chin atang-
a a seng thlenga ngun taka enkawl leh tui
an mamawh ang tawk a hun taka pek nan
Irrigation System fel tak a pawimawh a ni.
II. AGRONOMY :
Thlai chi hrang hranga thiamna bik
neite’n a ram leilung leh sik leh sa mila
thlai chin tur (Varietal Selection), a chin
dan tur (Cropping Pattern) leh a hnu zel
atana leitha pek dan tur an duan fel a ngai
a. Hetianga ruahmanna tha leh felfai a
awm loh chuan Irrigation System tha
tawk awmin thlai mamawh tawk tui a hun
takah pek pawh ni mahse, a ramin a thlai
tharchhuah theih zat tur ang kha a thar
chhuak phak lo dawn a ni.
III. FARM MACHINERY :
Mihring kut leh thazung chauhva lo
neih leh enkawl hi eizawn nan tak tak, a
hlawk loh zia leh hautakzia chu sawi tam
ngai lova hriatsa a ni a. Heng mihring tha
chhawr tur leh a aia rang leh awlsam leh
tha zawka hna thawk tur hian khawl
(Farm Machine) hmanga lo neih/lo
enkawl a pawimawh hle a ni.
Heng khawl, tractor, power tiller,
etc., leh implements chi hrang hrangte
hian hlawk zawk a thlai thar tur chuan a
hnuaia tarlan ang hian hna an thawk thei
a ni.
(1) Primary Tillage : Leilet rual-
rem lo leh sak han lehphawh zung zung
nan plough chi hrang hrang, a ram leilung
azirin hman tur a ni. Entirnan – Disc
plough, M/B plough etc.
(2) Secondary Tillage : Hetah hi
chuan primary tillage-a ram leilung
khawih tawh sa, vuak dip leh chul mam
hna atan, harrow, cultivator, leveller,
puddler, etc. hman tur a ni.
(3) Sowing : Hetah hi chuan thlai
chin tur azirin, thlai chinna khawl chi
hrang hrang seed drill, planter, etc., hman
thin a ni. Hetiang khawl hman anih hian
thlai chi zat, a bi inhlat dan leh inthlauh
dan (row to row leh plant to plant spac-
ing) dik takin a siam theih a, hei hian thlai
thar a tipungin a quality pawh a tha bik a
ni.
(4) Inter-culture : Khawl hmang-
a thlai chin hnua thlai dipdal tur ‘weeds’
(hlo) thenfai nan khawl chi hrang hrang
weeder, cultivator, etc., a thlai azirin
hman a ni. Hetianga inter-culture opera-
tion tih hian, ‘weeds’ a tihral mai bakah,
lei a hrut phut a, hei hian soil structure a
siam tha a, aeration a siamtha a, thlai tan
a tha a, a thar tam phah bawk a ni.
(5) Harvesting : Hei hi khawl
hmanga thlai seng tihna a ni a. A tlang-
puiin tractor hnung lam leh hmalama
vuah theih hmanraw hrang hrang thlai
seng tur mil atana siam, entirnan - Potato
harvester, paddy harvester, groundnut
digger, etc. hman tur a ni.
(6) Threshing : Hei hi khawl
hmanga buh, be chi reng reng leh fang nei
chi tam zawkte a kung/kawr atanga thliar
hransa a ni. Heng atan hian power
thresher chi hrang hrang, entirnan -
beater type, spike-tooth cylinder type,
rack type etc., te, chaff cutter te hman a ni.
IV. EXTENSION:
Khawl hmanga thlai chin dan, tui-
pek dan leh seng dan kan sawi tawhte hi,
loneitute hnena zirtirna leh kawhhmuhna
neih a ngai a. Hemi atan hian, thua inzirtir
bakah a tak ngeia inkawhhmuhna (demo-
nstration) a pawimawh hle a ni. Farm
machineries leh Intensive Cultivation a
kan kal dawn chuan kan ram neih (land
holdings) te a tlem si a, co-operative
society emaw din a kalpui a ngai dawn
bawk a ni.
Heng Minor Irrigation Projects
hrang hrang kan neihte -
1) Damdiai Minor Irrigation Pr-
oject, Khawzawl - 15 Ha.
2) Hlawnkawng Minor Irriga-
tion Project, N. Vanlaiphai - 38 Ha.
3) Sihmit Minor Irrigation
Project, Tiau Valley - 44 Ha.
4) Chengatuithil Minor Project,
Ngopa - 19 Ha.
TOTAL - 116 Ha.
ahte hian tuikawng chak (perenial source
of water) lo awm mahse. Society leh
Integrated Farming atan ruahmanna kan
siam loh chuan, heng hmuna loneitute tan
hian an Farming System hi eizawnna
puitling tak tak leh sum tam hmu tham
tak tak (economically viable venture) a ni
thei dawn lo a ni. Buh leh bal chinna hi
Mizoramah hian large scale-in a awm
lova, chuvangin, thlai dang chinga
Intensive Cropping kan tih a ngai a.
Irrigation facilities kan neih ang angte hi
hman tangkai a, thlai tha zawka kan thar
theih nan Mobilisation Scheme kan
buatsaih a ngai a, Co-operative/Society
approach a kan kalpui a ngai a ni.
A chunga kan tarlan leh kan sawi
anga kan kal theih chuan kan ram chu ei
leh barah intodelh mai ni lovin hausak
nan kan hmang thei dawn a ni.
ACTION TAKEN REPORT ON ONE-DAY STATE LEVEL
WORKSHOP FOR AWARENESS CAMPAIGN REGARD-
ING SCHEMES/PROGRAMMES OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE AND CO-OPERATION,
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
R. Zoramthanga,
A.A.I.O
State : Mizoram
Venue : Agriculture Conference Hall, Aizawl.
Time : 24
th
July, 2001 (10:00 AM - 4:30 PM)
INTRODUCTION
Inaugural Session-ah hian M.M. Mishra, Joint Director (Extension), Ministry of
Agriculture & Co-operation, Government of India chuan thusawiin, heng CSS hrang
hrangte a nihna taka hmang tur hian kawng hrang hrangah hmalakna siam a ngai a. Ram
lam a loneitu hnathawh theih zia leh chung chu hmang tangkai tura hmalak nasat lehzual
a ngaih thu a sawi a. Tin, kan thlai thar te man man zawka hralh turin a quality leh a tam
lehzual a kan thar a ngai a ni a ti.
He workshop-ah hian Agriculture
Minister Pu Aichhinga chuan thusawiin
Mizoram, ram tha takah hian midang
thawh chhuah ring lova, mahni intodelh
turin heng CSS te hi kan hman tangkai a
ngai a ni a ti.
BUSINESS SESSION - I
He hun hawn nan hian Dr. O.P.
Singh, Director of Agriculture & Minor
Irrigation in CS Schemes hrang hrang te a
rawn sawi lang a, chu chu sawi hona in a
zawm nghal a ni.
He hun chhung hian National Co-
operation Development chungchang te
thlir ho a ni a, thlai thar leh a tihral
kawngah Cooperation pawimawhna leh
hmalak theihna te tarlan a ni a. Tin,
Horticulture lama thar hlawk lehzual
tura Schemes awm te leh a tanpuina awm
thei te pawh sawi ho a ni.
Hemi hunah hian Resource
Persons atan Dr. Elizabeth Saipari,
Deputy Director, Horticulture leh Pu
Lalpekliana, Joint Registrar, Cooperative
Department te hman an ni.
BUSINESS SESSION – II
He session-ah hian Central Schem-
es hrang hrang Department in a khawih
te chanchin leh thiltum tlangpui officer-
in-charge ten an sawi a. Tin, heng
Schemes ten hma an lo lak tawhna leh
hmalak tum dan te pawh tarlan a ni.
RECOMMENDATION & SUMMING UP :-
1. Heng CSS hrang hrang te hi an
chak lehzual nan khawl a chhut
chhuah a mipui hriat theih tura
puanzar a ngai a, hei hi, Direc-
torate of Agriculture hmalakna
tura ngaih a ni.
2. Mipui vantlang hriat theih turin
District Level ah Awareness Prog-
ramme siam nise. Hei pawh hi
Directorate of Agriculture hmalak-
na tura ngaih a ni.
3. Schemes hrang hrang ten chak
zawk a hma an lak theih nan Co-
ordination Committee din nise.
4. Ram leilung hman tangkai kawng-
ah enchhinna programme tha
zawk a awm theih nan Research
beihna lamah tan lak nise. Hei hi
Mizoram Sorkar kut leh hmalakna
tura ngaih a ni.
5. Department hrang hrang Agricul-
ture te, Horticulture te, Minor
Irrigation leh a dang te hi loneitu
te mamawh ang zel a atul hun a
khaikhawm dan tur programme
duan chhuah hi State Government
mawhphurhna a ni.
6. Thlai chi tha zawk sem darh
kawngah chak zawka hmalak dan
tur hi State Sorkar in a duan tur a
ngaih a ni.
7. Heng CSS hrang hrang te enkawl
zui nan hian a khat tawk a
programme duan nise.
Chief Guest Pu Rochila Sawiawi, Commissioner,
Agriculture, G.O.M. in Kharif Workshop 2001
a thu a sawi lai
Pu Hmingthanzuala, Dy. Commissioner, Lunglei
Dist. in Field Staff te tana Refresher Course I.T.C.
Hnahthial a neih kharna a thu a sawi lai (29.5.01)
Khawl hmanga leilet siam zawh tawh
Tuichhuahen Project, Kolasib (25.4.2001)
Serchhip Chamdur Vaimim
(variety – Vijay Composte – 25.7.2001)
8. Agriculture, Horticulture, AH & Vety
leh Soil Conservation ten hma an lak that
theih nan kum bi ah hmalakna tur duan
lawkna training neih thin nise.
Hei hi Government of India hmalakna
tura ngaih a ni.
9. Ramhmul Damdawi leh therhlo thlai
hman tangkai kawnga chak zawk a
hmalakna turin heng thlai awmna ah te
hian training changtlung deuh State Level
angah neih thin nise. Hei hi Government
of India leh Horticulture Department
tangkawp a hmalakna tura ngaih a ni.
CROPPING PATTERN FOR MAXIMISE
PRODUCTION
-R.L. Thanzuala,
D.A.O., Kolasib
Cropping Pattern : Agro-Climatic leh Socio-Economic dinhmun in azir anga ram
bial khat (locality) emaw bial zau deuh (zone) huam chhunga thlaite leh a chindan phung
hi ‘cropping pattern’ chu a ni a. Hei hi a saptawng chuan “The sequence in which various
crops are grown in a locality/zone which is influenced by Agro-Climatic and Socio-
Economic factors prevailing there,” tih a ni a. Cropping Pattern hi Cropping System nen a
thil inhnaih tak a nih avangin sawi pawlh fo a ni thin a ni.
Cropping System : Cropping
Pattern zuia lo-a thlai chin dan hrang
hrang - mixed, relay cropping, inter etc.,
hi ‘cropping system’ chu a ni ve leh a. Hei
hi a saptawng chuan “Cropping Pattern
used on a farm and its interaction with
farm resources, other farm enterprises,
available technology and environment
which determine their make up, e.g. Rice-
Wheat-Green Manuring or Rice-Field
Pea-Summer Moong,” ti a sawifiah a ni.
Tichuan cropping pattern tha leh
hlawk nei tur chuan kan ram leilung sik
leh sa leh loneitu dinhmunin azir a thlai
chin tur thlan thiam a pawimawh hle a.
Chumi ti tur chuan thlai dinhmun
tlangpui kan hriat a ngai a, hetiangin –
1. Thlai zung neih thuk dan : Lei tha
taka thlai chi hrang hrang zung thlak dan.
Zung nei thuk lo
(0-2 ft)
Thuk vak lo
(2-3 ft)
Thuk deuh
(3-4 ft)
Thuk tak
(4 ft aia thuk)
Buh Wheat Vaimim Fu
Alu Vaihlo Faisa Coffee
Zikhlum Hmarcha Bekang Grape
Parbawr Badam Buhtun Apple
Purunsen Bean chi hrang
2
La Thei chi hrang
Lettuce Hmazil Tomato hrang
2. Lei thur leh thlai chin dan
Sl. No.
Thlai hming
Optimun PH
1. Rice 5.0 – 6.5
2. Barley 6.5 – 8.0
3. Wheat 5.5 – 7.5
4. Maize 5.5 – 7.5
5. Sorghum 5.5 – 7.5
6. Oats 5.0 – 7.5
7. Peas 6.0 – 7.5
8. Soyabean 6.0 – 7.0
9. Cowpea 5.0 – 6.5
10. Groundnut 5.3 – 6.6
11. Gram 6.0 – 7.5
12. Pigeonpea 5.5 – 7.0
13. Cotton 6.0 – 7.5
14. Potato 4.8 – 6.5
15. Sunflower 6.0 – 7.5
16. Tobacco 5.5 – 7.5
17. Sugarcane 6.0 – 8.0
18. Turnip 5.5 – 6.8
19. Sugarbeet 6.5 – 8.0
3. Thlai tui duh tam lam
Sl. No.
Thlai hming
Duration
Water Requirement (cm)
1. Rice 100 days 95 - 100
2. Maize 100 days 40 - 45
3. Pulses 70 days 20 - 25
4. Groundnut 105 days 60 - 65
5. Cotton 165 days 60 – 75
6. Sugarcane 300 days 225 – 250
4. Thlasik khawvawt deuh leh hmun zo deuh daikhang (frost) te pawh tuar thei deuh
thlai te
1. Broccoli 2. Beetroot 3. Zikhlum 4. Parbawr 5. Carrot
6. Celery 7. Lettuce 8. Purunsen 9. Pea 10. Buluih
11. Spinach 12. Turnip
Hmun zo deuh leh daikhang (frost) haw zual thlaite
1.Bean 2. Fanghma 3. Bawkbawn 4. Hmazil 5.Dawnfawh
6. Mai 7. Tomato 8. Kawlbahra 9. Hmarcha thaklo chi etc.
5. Climate duhzawng
a) BUH
Minimum temperature for sprouting -
Minimum temperature for flowering - 22 -
Minimum temperature for grain formation - 20 -
Mazimum temperature the crop can tolerate -
Throughout the growth - 21 -
For blooming - 26.5 -
For ripening - 20 -
Photoperiod : Short day plant. Need hot and humid climate
b) WHEAT
Minimum temperature for seed germination - 4 -
Optimum temperature for seed growth & dev. - 20 -
Optimum temperature for ripening - 14 -
Detrimental effect of growth - 30 -
Minimum temperature spring wheat can tolerate - 8 -
c) MAIZE
Minimum Temperature for germination -
Optimum temperature for germination -
Optimum temperature for growth _
Optimum mean day temperature -
Optimum mean night temperature -
d) COTTON
Minimum temperature for germination -
Minimum temperature for vegetative growth - 21 -
Maximum temperature tolerable -
Day temperature requirement - 27 -
e) SUGARCANE
Maximum temperature which arrest growth -
Max. temp. below which growth slows down -
Optimum temp. for growth - 26 -
f) POTATO
Optimum temperature for vegetative growth -
Optimum temperature for tolerisation - 18 -
g) SUNFLOWER
It requires bright sunny weather from flowering to maturity.
h) LENTIL
Optimum temperature for growth - 18 -
It requires a cold elimate. It is very hardy and can tolerate frost and severe winter
to a great extent. It requires cold climate during its vegetative growth and warm
temperature at the time of maturity.
i) GREENGRAM
It can tolerate drought to a great extent.
j) GRAM
Frost at the time of flowring is harmful.
Thlai thenkhatte climate duhzawng
kan han tarlan mai atang pawh hian kan
ram zimte ah pawh hian cropping pattern
inang chiah chuan kan kal vek thei lo tih a
chiang hle mai.
Tin, kan ramah hian thlai tam tak hi
a tha duh ti thin mah ila, thenkhat hi chu a
chin ve theih/thar ve theih tih ang chauh
te an ni a, commercial scale a chindan en a
tha tak tak lo te an ni fo mai. Chubakah
kan ram a zimin thlai chinna area kan nei
zau lova, chuvangin thlai chin bak, in
concentrate na deuh kan neih chu a hun
tawh hle in alang. Entirnan -
Cereal crops ah chuan buh leh
vaimim ah in concentrate ila, pulse crops
ah chuan dailuah, bete, behliang, motor
chana leh bekang te uar ila (bekang hi
oilseed crop ah chhiar tel ni tawh mahse
Mizoten kan hman danah hi chuan pulse
crop angin kan hmang zawk). Tin, oil
seeds crop ah chuan tel antam, chhawh-
chhi leh badam te uar leh ta ila.
Heng thlaite hi Mizoram chhunga
kan mamawh thar hi a tawk viau in alang.
Ramdang/state danga thawnchhuak tur
chuan keini aiin an thar tamin an ti tlawm
thei zawk si a, a awmzia awmin a lang lo.
Ramdang/state danga kan thawn-
chhuah theih awm thlai te chu vaihm-
archa leh sawhthing hi niin alang.
Sawhthing chin hi a hlawk hle laiin leilet
emaw, terrace ah emaw chin a nih loh
chuan khuareiah kan ram leilungin a
chhiat phah mai ang tih hi ngaihtuah tham
tak a ni. Thei lam thlai ah chuan hatkora,
sapthei leh serthlum te hi in concentrate
nan hmang ta ila.
Tin, multiple-cropping ah pawh
hian double cropping hi kan phak tawk
chu ala ni hrih in a lang a. Hmun
thenkhatah triple-cropping te chu theih
tho mah se, agriculture lamah kan
changkan leh hmasawn dan te thlir leh
loneitute dinhmun thlirin double crop-
ping pawh hi a tak takah chuan kan la
harsat lam chu niin alang. Buh hi kan
chawpui ber a nih avang hian vawikhat
chu chin ngei tum ila, buh hnu-ah thlasik
thlaiah lutin oilseeds, pulses and vegeta-
bles te chin nise a that a rinawm.
Tin, thlai kan chin dawn reng
rengin a chinna hmun tur azirin thlai
chikhatah rau rau pawh a variety uluk
taka thlan thiam/fuh a pawimawh hle.
Thlai hlawhtling tak leh hlawk taka ching
tur chuan a chi (seeds &variety) a fuh a
pawimawh hle a, ngaih pawimawh em em
tur a ni. Thlai chi kan lak dawn pawhin a
variety thar, Mizorama kan la chin ngailoh
chu tumkhat a hmasa berah chuan tlemte
laka enchhin a, a that/ngeihna hmuh hnu
ah chauh tam tham lak ni se.
Aw le, sawi tur a tam thei hle a, kan
ram leilung hmang tangkai a, hlawk taka
thlai thar tur chuan cropping pattern a
pawimawh hle tih hriain Mizoram tana
cropping pattern tha ber tur hmu chhuak
ngei turin kut hnathawktute leh Agri-
culture li leh sa ten I bei tlang zel ang u.
SEMINAR - CUM - TRAINING KAWLKULH AH
NEIH A NI
By H. Neihchhunga
A.E.O. Kawlkulh Circle
DAO Aizawl East thahnemngaihna leh Ruahmanna angin. Date 30.5.2001 khan
Kawlkulh Circle huam chhunga V.C.P. V.C. Secretary theuh leh khawtina interested
farmers te ho khawmin Kawlkulh hmunah Seminar-cum-Training neih pui an ni a.
Trainees lam pawh beisei ai a tha
rawn kal khawm in mi 60 lai kan tling
ani. He Seminar-cum-Training program-
me hi hetiang hian hman ani.
Chawhma lama Fertilizer pawi-
mawh na leh a hman dan tih subject leh
Oil Seed & Pulses tangkaina leh chin dan
tih subject-a Paper te buatsaih in Pu
Laltanpuia, A.A.I. Hqrs., D.A.O., Aizawl
East nen paper in siam remin zir hona
neih ani a. Tin, chhunah thingpui in
hona te neiin darkar chanve Break neih
ania, chawhnu lamah Plant Protection
pawimawhna leh a hman dan tih subject
leh Seedbed siam dan leh enkawl dan
dik tih subject te paper te buatsaih in zir
ho na neih leh ani a. Heng paper te kan
zir ho zawh hian darkar khat discussion
neih ho leh ani bawk a. Tin, tlai ah buh
chi leh thlai chi awm ang ang te sem
nghal ani a, kan tui in hlawk kan ti tlang
hle ani.
He Seminar-cum-Training ah
hian Cultivators te attention a tha in,
hetiang lama an tuihal zia alang chiang
hle a, hun tam zawk leh thawl zawk te
neia programme la buatsaih fo turin
min duh in an beisei nghal bawk ani.
Zanriah kil hona te kan neih hnu in
khamlo takin he hun hi kan ti tawp a. He
Training neih hian rah tha a chhuah
ngei ani tih hmuh nghal tur a awm a.
Rabi crops atana seed demand a san
phah nghal em em bawk a ni.
RAN VULHTU HAUSA TE
R. Thansanga
Britain rama ran vulhtu chhungkua 37 te chu an hausa lawih:
‘Foot and mouth disease’ hrileng avanga bawng kan suat vak tum khan mi
tam takin an rante an chan nasa mai a. Chuta tan chuan British sorkarin zangna dawmna
a pe a. Mi 37 te chuan a tlem berah Pound maktaduai khat theuhin an chang a. Chumi
awmzia chu mi pakhatin cheng (Rs.) maktaduai sawm ruk leh pahnih vel an hmu ang a ni.
Tin, mi pakhat phei chuan cheng maktaduai zahnih leh sawm ruk zet zu hmu a!. Heng
mite hi ‘ Compensation millionaires’ an ti mai. Mi thenkhat ranvulhte hi chu cheng
maktaduai hnih leh nuai sawm sarih leh pakua hu vel chauh a ni.
(Ref. The Telegraph 6
th
Aug., 2001)
CEREAL CROPS
(with special reference to Paddy)
- Daniela, AEO,
DAO (AE) Office
1. KAMKEUNA
Tun tumah hian kan thupui chu
‘Cereal Crops’ tih a ni tawp mai a. A huam
zau hle. ‘Cereal Crops’ emaw ‘Cereals’ tia
kan sawi thin chu, hnim hnah sei
(grasses), a rah ei theih, Lo-a kan chin
thin te hi an ni. Mizote hian Cereal Crops
kan ngah vak lo. Kan chin thin te chu Buh
leh Vaimim an ni ber a, Wheat erawh hi
chu thlasikah a chin theih tih finfiah a ni
tawh a. Sawitham ching erawh kan awm
lem lo. Buh, Vaimim leh Wheat bakah
hian India rama Cereal Crops lar deuh te
chu, Jowar, Bajra leh Sorghum etc. te an
ni. Tichuan, Cereal Crops zinga kan hriat
lar ber Buh chanchin kan sawi ber ang.
Chuvangin kan thupui pawh Cereal Crops
tih ringawt aiah ‘Cereal Crops with
special reference to Paddy’ ka han vuah
ta a ni.
2. THLIRZAUNA
Buh, science tawnga Oryza sativa
an vuah hi khawmualpui tina ram hrang
hrang 112-ah te hian an ching theuh a. A
ching nasa ber leh chawpui atana ring
tam ber chu Asia khawmualpuia chengte
hi kan ni. He khawmualpuia cheng mi
tluklehdingawn thumte chawpui ber a ni
a, chuvangin khawvel puma buh thar
chhuah za zela 90 chu helaia tharchhuah
leh eiral hi an ni. Asia khawmualpuia ram
hrang hrangte buh thar zat leh an thar
hlawk dan hi lo en ila :
Sl. No. Ram hming
Hectare khata fertilizer
hman zat (Kg)
Hectare khat zela
thar zat (Ton)
1. Vietnam 98 3.2
2. Thailand 46 1.9
3. Sri Lanka 102 2.9
4. Phillipines 119 2.8
5. Pakistan 91 2.3
6. Nepal 25 2.4
7. Myanmar 18 2.9
8. Malaysia 104 2.6
9. Laos 1 2.3
10. Korea, Republic 475 6.3
11. Korea, DPR 483 7.8
12. Japan 460 6.1
13. Indonesia 152 4.3
14. India 71 2.6
15. China 278 5.8
16. Cambodia 1 1.4
17. Bangladesh 98 2.7
Source : IRRI (1997)
A chunga mi khi ngun taka kan bih
chuan, Fertilizer hmang thiam leh hmang
tam apiangin buh an thar hlawk tih kan
hmu thei awm e. Heta tang hian
chhinchhiah tur leh zir tur kan nei ngei
ang. Mi thiamte chhut dan chuan, kum
2000 ral taah khan, Asia khawmualpuia
mite buh mamawh tawk chu ton
maktaduai 560 a ni a. Kum 2020 AD-ah
erawh chuan, mihring pung zel avangin
ton maktaduai 760 a ni tawh ang. Kum
20 chhunga kan chaw mamawh ton mak-
taduai 200 vela a pun belh dawn avangin,
inthlahdah vaih chuan tampui mitthi a ni
mai dawn.
3. INDIA RAM BIK
Kan ram, India ram bik hi han thlir
leh thuak teh ang. Ram upa tih takah buh
chinna chang pawh hi kan lo hre hma hle
niin a lang. Thil hlui laichhuaktu pawl
(archaeologists) hote chuan Indus Valley
Civilisation kan tih thina Mohenjodaro-
ah chuan buh hum kang ut an hmu-
chhuak a. Indus Valley Civilisation chu
kan hriat angin, kan pu Abrahama te lo
lan hma daih a ni a. Tin, Gujarat State-a
Rangpur leh Lothal-ah khuan Archae-
logist ho bawkin buh hum, Isua pian hma
kum 2000 vel a mi ni awma an ngaih an
lai chhuak bawk. (Kan Bible-ah hi chuan
Buh (Rice) chungchang hi zu lang hauh
lova!) Tichuan, India ram chu buh chin
nachang hre hmasa pawl ber, Europe
ram thlenga chi chhuahtu a lo ni reng
mai.
Chuvangin India ram chu khaw-
velah, China tih lovah chuan buh ching
nasa ber ram kan ni a, thar hlawk thuah
erawh chuan China chu kan phak lo hle
mai. Kan tarlan tak ang khan India ram
buh thar tam dan tlangpui chu hectare
khat hmunah ton 2.6 a ni a, chutih laiin
China ramah chuan hectare khat hmunah
ton 5.8 an thar thei a ni. Ram zau zawng
intiat rengah kan thar let aia tam China
ho chuan an thar thei anih chu. Chuti
chung chuan India ram ngei pawhin hma
a sawn chho zel a, tunhma kum 50 liam
ta te ngaihtuah chuan, thar hlawk tawh
tak chu kan ni; hmasawnna tur erawh
chu kan la ngah hle. India rama buh thar
hlawk chhoh dan lo thlir leh ta ila :
Sl.
No.
Year
Area
(1000 Ha.)
Production
(1000 tonnes)
Productivity
(ton.ha.)
1. 1950 – 51 30810 20576 0.66
2. 1955 – 56 31521 27557 0.87
3. 1960 – 61 34128 34574 1.01
4. 1965 – 66 35470 30589 0.86
5. 1970 – 71 37592 42225 1.12
6. 1975 – 76 39475 48470 1.23
7. 1980 – 81 40152 53631 1.33
8. 1985 – 86 41137 63825 1.55
9. 1990 – 91 42687 7429 1.74
10. 1994 – 95 42244 81158 1.92
11. 1996 – 97 40592 89368 2.20
Sorce : Fertilizer Statistics, 1995 - 96
Agril. Situation in India
Heta kan tarlan hi kum 1996 - 97
thleng a ni a, a hnulamah chuan kan
productivity chu 2.6 ton/ha. a ni tawh tih
kan tarlan tawh kha. Kumtinin kan buh
chinna hmun a zau tial tial a, kan thar-
chhuah pawhin pun lam a pan zel a,
intodelh mai ni lovin, ram pawna
thawnchhuah tham kan lo thar ta. Kan
productivity 2.6 ton/ha. pawh hi vawiinah
hi chuan 3 ton/ha. a tling tawh hialin a
rinawm. Amaherawhchu ‘data’ kan neih
loh avangin rinthu mai ala ni. India ram
state te zingah Punjab-in an thar hlawk
ber a, hectare khatah ton 3.4 an thar a, a
dawttu chu Tamil Nadu a ni a, hectare
khatah 2.9 ton thar ang an ni. In awih
zawng a ni emaw, loneitu changkang zual
thenkhat, hectare khata ton 20 tharte
pawh an awm zu nia!
4. EI LEH BARA INDIA HMABAK
Buh thar chhuah chungchanga India
ram dinhmun chu kan hre tlangpui ta.
Tunah kan dinhmun duhawmin lang rih
mahse, mihring pun chak lutuk dan han
thlir hian, uphuk lungmuan ngawt thei
dinhmunah kan ding em tih lo thlir leh ta
ila. India ram mihring pun chak dan chu
kan hre hlawm ang a, kum khat chhunga
kan punna ringawt hi Australia khaw-
mualpuia mihring zat a ni an ti thin.
Chuvangin, mithiamte chuan ei leh bara
India ram hmabak an thlir lawk thin a, an
hmu eng vak lo. India rama Agriculture
Scientist hmingthang tak Pu M.S. Swami-
nathan-a hi a hming kan hre ngai em? Kan
lo la hre ngai lo anih chuan, tunlai tawng
takin kan ‘knowledge’ vak lo tihna a ni
ang. Agriculture Scientist hmingthang,
India ram leh khawvel hriat hlawh, a
specialised na lam chu buh ni leh nghal, a
hnathawh ropui tak avanga ramchhung
leh ram pawn atanga Chawimawina
Award tam tak dawng tawh a ni. Chennai
khawpuia Indian Science Congress, Janua-
ry ni 4, kum 1999-a an neih tuma, ei leh
bara India hmabak a hrilhlawk dan chu
hetiang a ni :
“Kum 2030 AD-ah chuan, India ram
buhbal tharchhuah chu ton maktaduai
222 a ni ang a, chutihlaiin kan chaw
mamawh chu ton maktaduai 267 a lo ni
tawh dawn a, indaihlohna chu ton makta-
duai 45 lai a ni ang,” a ti. A hrilhlawkna hi
hnawl ngawt chi a ni lo. A sawilawk ang hi
anih ngat chuan, kum 30 lo awm tur
hnulamah chuan India ram hian Tampui
Mitthi kan tawk dawn a ni. A pumpelh
theihna tur damdawi a sawi chu,
vawiinniah hian chhinchhiah theuh atan a
duhawm ngawt mai - “Efficient soil and
water management.” A awmzia Zotawnga
sawifiah ngai lovah I dah mai ang. Kan
buhfai chawkna berin Tampui a tawh palh
hlauh chuan, Mizoram tan chuan a
lungngaihthlak teh ang chu.
5. BUH THAR HLAWK
Tampui Mitthi pumpelh theihna
damdawi chu tharchhuah tih pun zel hi a
ni a, chumi atan chuan ‘efficient soil and
water management’ a ni tih kan sawi zo
chiah a. Chumi ruala pawimawh em em
chu thlar hlawk chi (high yielding varie-
ties) chin uar hi a ni. Chumi khami variety
chu a hlawk a, chumi chu a hlawk lo tih
lam ka sawi dawn lova, thar hlawk chi
hmuchhuak tura scientist te leh sorkar in
a beih nasat zia tlemte tarlan tel ka duh a,
kan hriatna tizautu a nih beiseiin.
India ramah hian kum za dawn lai
kalta atang daih tawh khan, buh chi tha,
thar hlawk chi hmuhchhuah tuma beihna
(research works) hi an lo tan tawh a.
Chutihlaia Imperial Council of Agriculture
Research, tuna Indian Council of
Agriculture Research, ICAR kan tih hian,
buh chanchin zir chianna leh chi tha, thar
hlawk leh hrisel hmuhchhuah tuma
beihna Research Station chu Orissa State-
a Cuttack-ah an tan a. Indian Rice
Research Institute (IRRI) an ti a. Heta
tang hian buh thar hlawk chi tam tak siam
chhuah a ni tawh a. A ram leilung leh
boruak mil zela chin tur buh hlawk chi
tam tak an siam chhuak tawh a, tui tling
satliah mai ni lo, dil kan tih ang chia chin
tur buh pawh an nei tih ka mit ngei pawh
hian a hmu tawh a ni.
Tin, khawvel pum huapa buh chung-
changa research an beihna hmunpui chu
Philippines rama Manila-ah a ni a.
International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI) an ti a. (Nichina kan sawi tak
Cuttack-a Indian Rice Research Institute
nen khan a lamtawi chu a inang chiah a,
hriat pawlh lo ila.) Buh chi thar tam tak an
siamchhuak tawh a, chungte chu henglai-
ah pawh kan lo hmelhriat nual tawh IR
varieties hi an ni hlawm a. Hetah hian
hma lama kan sawi lan tak, buh scientist
ropui, Dr. M.S. Swaminathan-a pawh kha,
Director General hna a han thawk tawh a
ni. Buh chungchang han sawi hian Dr.
Swaminathan-a hming han sawi lan hrim
hrim hi a phu ngawih ngawihin ka hre tel
bawk.
6. BEISEINA KAWL ENG
Nichinah khan hrilhlawkna pakhat, a
thim lam zawnga hmalam thlirna kha kan
han tarlang tawh a, mi thiam bik
hrilhlawkna a ni a, a rinawm viau laiin,
Pathian Zawlneite hrilhlawkna ni lem lo,
khawvel mite hrilhlawkna te hi chu a dik
vek lo thei bawk tih hre tel ila. Tunah a
eng lam I lo thlir leh teh ang.
Kum sangbi thar lo herchhuak chuan
beiseina kawl eng a rawn herchhuahpui
ta le. Kum 30 hnua Tampui Mitthi lo
thleng tur anga sawilawk kha, kan
pumpelh mial mai thei. Chu chanchin tha
lawmawm em em chu hei hi a ni : Nichina
kan sawi Manila-a IRRI Scientist te chuan,
Buh thar hlawk zet mai chi an hmuchhuak
leh ta. He buh hi hectare khatah ton 12.5
(acre khatah ton 5) a thar thei a ni tih an
finfiah tawh. Kum sangbi tharah hi chuan,
ram zim teah he buh thar ching hian,
hlawk zetin buh kan thar tawh dawn a nih
hmel khawp mai.
He buh, ‘Super Rice’ an tih mai,
scientist te erawh chuan ‘Variety of the
next Millenium’ tia an sawi thin hi, IRRI
kum 6 chhung teh meuh research an tih
hnua an hmuhchhuah a ni a. Buh etc., chi
thar siamchhuah hi kum 2/1 chhunga
zawhfel a ni ngai lo tih chhinchhiah leh
ila. Buh tichhetu natna tam tak lakah a
him tha a, hun (season) hrang hrangah
hlawhtling takin a chin theih dawn bawk
a ni. Kan chaw mamawh pung zel phuh-
ruk tur hian, mithiamte chuan, kan buh
bal tharchhuah hi za zela 62-a pun
chhohtir a ngai niin an sawi a. Chumi atan
chuan he Super Rice hi a tangkai hle dawn
a ni.
He Super Rice hi a thar hlawk em em
chu sawi loh, kan buh ei thin pangngai ai
hian chakna a pai tam leh zel a. A bik takin
buh pangngai aiin iron a pai tam bik a, chu
chuan a nutritional value a tisang hle
dawn a ni.
He buh hlawk chi hi a siamchhuaktu
IRRI, Manila hian hauh bik leh khuahkhirh
(patent) a tum lova, khawvel puma
Research Station hrang hrangah India
rama Research Station engemaw zatah
pawh enchhin mek an ni. Bedan Chandra
Krishi Viswaviyalay leh Chinsurah Rice
Research Centre pawhin tunah hian a
enchhin mek a. India ram leilung leh
boruak hi ngeih dawn hlea hriat a ni
lehnghal. Chuvangin kumin tawp lamah
emaw, nakumah emaw hi chuan a chi hi
hralhchhuah hman ngei beisei a ni.
Hetih lai hian IRRI, Manila-a Agri-
culture Scientist te chu duhtawk ngah
intia kut kuangkuaha thu mai lovin, hei
aia la thar hlawk tur hmuhchhuah belh zel
tumin, an puanven an la sawi chhing sauh
sauh reng a, kum hnih/khat hnuah chuan
thar hlawk chi dang pawh hmuhchhuah
ngei an la beisei a ni. Nichina Tampui
Mitthi kan sawi kha, kan pumpelh mai
thei a ni.
7. MIZORAM BIK THLIRNA
Mizoram bik hi a tlangpui deuhin han
thlir leh ila. Kan ram pumpui zau zawng
hectare nuai 21-ah hian, buh chinna atana
cheibawl theih ram chu hectares 50,000
vel awma hriat a ni a, chung zinga hectare
22,750 vel chu leiletah siam an ni tawh a,
hectare 27.250 vel lai siam belh tur kan la
nei tihna anih chu. Heng zawng zawng
kan daidarh hnuah chuan, mihring pung
zel avangin lo intodelh lo deuh mah ila,
state dang atanga kan buhfai lakluh chu a
tlem hle tawh ang.
Mizoram bika leileta Buh chi hrang
hrang kan chin chhin tawh te :
1) IR - 8 2) IR - 20
3) IR - 24 4)IR - 36
5) IR - 64 6) Krishna
7) Jaya 8)Cauvery
9) Aizawng 10)Pakistani Basmati
11)Basmati B - 19
12) Basmati ARS
13) Fine Rice 14) Fine Rice Bonali
15) Mala Iry 16) Mashuri
17) China 18) Pankaj
19) Pusa - 33 20)Pace buh (Darkhai
buh)
21) Khairol 22)Manipur(Kung tawi)
23) Buhsakei 24) Ratna
25) Saket - 4 26) Kalinga - III
27) Pawnbuh 28) Biruan
29) Paijam 30) Badsabog
31) KD Manipur 32) Badi
33) Eri
34) Sorkar buh/Agri buh
35) RC Mampho.5. 36)Pandan
37) PNR. 6201
Zawngchhang tlaka ngaih te :
1) IR - 8 2) IR - 24
3) IR - 36 4) IR - 64
5) Krishna 6) Cauvery
7) China 8) Aizawng/Leilet tai
9) Pakistani Basmati
10)Basmati B - 19
11)Basmati - ARS
12) Fine Rice 13) Fine Rice Bonali
14)Mala Iry
Basmati hi kan han tarlang tel naa,
a kung zawi avanga a tluk duh em avangin
sawimawi vak theih a ni lo. Heng zingah
hian IR - 64 hi a hlawk ber pawla ngaih a
ni a. Chemphai Agriculture Farm-a an
chin chu hectare khata ton 3 - 3.5 thar ang
a ni.
Tai chi tha te :
1)Halflong 2)Thlanchhuah
3)Kungrei 4)Fine Rice
5)America 6) Tai ban
7) Kangpui
KHAIKHAWMNA
1. Buh thar hlawk turin a chi tha, thar tam
chi chin a pawimawh.
2. Fertilizer hman tam hi buh tharchhuah
tipungtu pawimawh tak ani.
3. Kan leilet hminsa leh kan tuilak neihsa
te tun aia tangkaia kan hman thiamin kan
buh thar a pung ang.
4. Buh chi thar hi kum hnih khat thila
siamchhuah mai theih a ni lo.
5. India ramah kum telin buh chinna area
a zau zela, tharchhuah pawh a pung zel.
Productivity pawhin san lam a pan zel a.
Tunah tak phei chuan India ramin buh
eisen loh a thar mek.
6. Buh tharchhuah hi nasa taka tihpun loh
chuan Tampui Mitthi kan hmabak.
7. Thawhrimna tello chuan buh thar a
pung thei lo.
REFERENCE :
1. M.M. Hosmani, B.M. Chittapora and H.B.
Babalad - Firm Productivity, New Century
Challenge.
2. Dr. R.A. Raju - Glimpses of Rice
Technology.
3. R. Thansanga - Agriculture in Mizoram.
4. Telegraph - Know How.
ROLE OF EXTENSION IN YIELD MAXIMIZATION
- C. Lalzarliana
J.D. (R & D)
Extension : Extension means education. Education is given to bring desirable change in
human attitude behaviour through which we can acquire new Technology.
Agriculture Development : Implies the
shift from traditional methods of
production that include new Technolo-
gical components, new crops and even
new farming systems. For farmers to
adopt the new production technologies
successfully, they must learn how to use
them correctly in their farming systems.
Agricultural Extension is a continuing
process of getting useful and scientific
technology to farmers and then in assis-
ting them in acquiring the necessary
knowledge, skills and attitudes to effect-
ively utilise this technology to achieve
their own respective goals. This is an
educational process.
Although extension is one of the compo-
nents supporting development, it is also
supported and effected by the quality of
Agricultural Research.
Extension linkage with research and farmers
Research
Extension
Farmers
System Model for Agricultural Development :
Research System
Linkage System
Client System
Sub-system
University Research
Institutes and other
Organisations
__
Sub-system
Extension Service
other Organisation
__
Sub-system
Farmers
Members
Inventors Scientists
Members
Extension personnel and
other input Manufacturers,
Bankers
Functions
Basic and applied
research create, produce
and develop new
knowledge Inventions
__
Functions
Processing Communicating,
and facilitating adoption
new inventions feed backs
of farmers needs, problems
__
Functions
Adoption and
Integration of
innovations
Farming
Characteristics of Farmers :
1. Familism 2. Lack of Innovativeness 3. Fatalism
4. Limited Motivation 5. Achievement Motivation 6. Localitism
7. Mass Media Exposure – Newspaper, Magazines, Films, Radio and T.V.
1) Knowledge 2) Persuation 3) Decision 4) Confirmation.
Special Development Projects :
Objectives : 1. To take specific objectives in a specific areas in specific time to
execute the scheme in right direction.
2. It also join in hands to general development programme.
3. To solve some specific problem of particular area which are
specificially designed and intimate in total resource development.
The prosperity of a country like
India depends on the farmers who are
important and who accept technology
without merit and de-merit of the
technology though they are illiterate
because they think of their development
as they are poor. Therefore, farmers are
the key persons to whom we should give
right direction and technology.
The followings are Special Deve-
lopment Projects for the extension of
knowledge to the farmers under Govern-
ment of India.
1. Community Development Project
(1952) :
Objectives : i)Economic Development
ii) Social Justice
iii) Democratic Growth
2. Extension and Research Block Pro-
gramme (ERBP) (1962) :
Objectives : i) Theoretical know-
ledge learnt in the University/
College will be communicated to
the farmers most scientifically to
bring desirable change in beha-
viour knowledge and skill etc.
ii) To conduct adaptive
research trial programme in the
farmers field.
3. Integrated Agricultural Develop-
ment Project (IADP) (1960) :
Objective : There should be
intensified effort in a district by
which maximum attention can be
given to help farmer which
increases the agriculture produc-
tion.
4. National Demonstration Project
(NDP) (1965) :
Objective : To teach the farmers
technical knowhow to increase
agricultural product. To convience
the farmers demonstration potent-
iality of every unit of area of land in
this own condition by using HYV,
crops and adopting multiple crop-
ping programme, Plant Protection
Technology and the Agricultural
Practice.
5. Operational Research Project
(ORP) :
Objectives :i) Maximum Utilization
of Elements.
ii) Maximum Produc-
tion from Utilization of Elements.
iii) Collection of Prob-
lems from Elements for Solution.
6. Drought Prone Area Programme
(DPAP) (1970-71) :
Objective : To provide develop-
ment, Investment in the area where
drought has been a recurring fea-
ture.
7. Command Area Development Au-
thority (CADA) (1974) :
Objective : Construction of Major
and Minor, Medium Irrigation
Works; consequent increase of area
under command irrigation work to
realise the need for faster economic
utilization of irrigation potential.
8. Integrated Rural Development
Programme (IRDP) (1978-79) :
Objective : To provide additional
employment opportunity to target
people i.e. to get an additional as-
sured income.
9. Economic Rehabilitation of Rural
Poor (ERRP) (1980) :
Objective : To raise the income level
of the poorest families who live from
hand to mouth. Some steady income
generating assets have to be
provided to them.
10. Lab. to Land Programme :
Objectives : To transfer the low
cost power and viable knowledge
to the farmers to improve the
overall economic production of the
selected and adopted farm families
by creating additional employment
through diversification of agricul-
tural enterprise like Livestock
Farming, Sericulture, Horticulture,
Nurseries, Fisheries etc.
Important things for yield maximiza-
tion :
1. Good Seeds.
2. Efficient Proper Land Preparation.
3. Water Management.
4. Balance Nutrient Management.
5. Plant Protection Measure.
6. Weed Control.
7. Pre- and Post- Harvest Technology.
8. Good Transportation and Storage
Technique.
9. Regulated Market Facility.
The Agriculture Scientist
may find out the best way of Culti-
vation for Yield Maximization of
Crops. But, the farmers are the
actual beneficiaries of this new
Technology. They are to be convin-
ced to adopt modern technology.
The linkage between research and
farmers is called Extension. There
are different means of Extension :
Means of Extension :
1. Training and Visit
2. Demonstration
3. Magazines, Literatures, Pam-
phlets
4. Television and Video
5. Radio
6. Good Communication.
ESTIMATION OF CROP PRODUCTION
(A guideline for crop cutting experiment)
-Dr. H. Saithantluanga,
i/c Agronomist
In practice the population are usually too large to permit our taking
observation of all the individuals comprising them; consider the problem of estimating
the total production from a crop in a given season. It is out of the question to harvest and
weigh the produce from all the fields growing the crop which constitute the population
under study. The scientific methods of selecting samples and the relations between the
sample and the population forms the subject matter of the theoryof sampling.
Population : An aggregate of individuals is known population or universe. For the object
of study the population changes from problem to problem.
Sample : The selection of a part of the population to represent the whole is known as
‘sampling’ and the part selected is known as the ‘sample’.
There are many different ways in
which a sample may be taken. A sampling
method, if it is to provide a sample repre-
sentative of the population must be such
that all characters of the population are
reflected in the sample so that reliable
estimates of the population characters
can be formed.
Random Sampling : In this method, an
equal chance of selection is assigned to
each unit of the population to be selected
in the sample.
Procedure of selecting a random sam-
ple :
1. Prepare a list of the units in the
population and identified these units with
a natural number from 1 to N.
2. Select different numbers from the
table of random number (see appendix -
I) or on the absence of random number
table we may have as many slips as the
size of the sample from the container of
total slips numbered form 1 to N.
3. Take for the sample those units
whose numbers correspond to the selec-
ted ones from the table of random
members. Use of Random Number :
Random sampling is often des-
cribed as one which gives each number of
the population an equal chance of being
selected.
Thus, if we have to select samples
of 5 nos. of Jhum Plot or WRC randomly
from our population of 200 nos. of Jhum
Plot & WRC in a village, we will assign
each individual plot a number from 1 to
300.
We shall use a three digit random
number table as 200 is a three digit
number. Randomly, we shall start from
any number of the random number table
and we shall note down the random
numbers, rejecting any number greater
than 200. We can move in any random
way we like, it can be vertically down-
wards or upwards, to the right or to the
left. Here, in this case, we start at random
from a number in the three digit numbers
in 9
th
column and more vertically
downward i.e. 010, 111, 883, 803, 101,
602, 243, 958, 201, 239, etc.. of which we
choose the first five underlined numbers
which are less than 300. Thus, we can get
our samples of 5 Jhum Plot or WRC.
Sample Selection from an Agricultural
Field :
1. Measure the length and breadth of
the field and decide about the size of the
plot to be selected. Let us say the field
measurement is 70m x 50m i.e. the field is
a rectangular one and the plot size of the
sample is 3x2 metres.
2. Choose two random numbers, one
for length from 00 to 67.0 and the other
for breadth from 00 to 48. (These random
numbers are being taken after deducting
the measurements of the sample plot
from the corresponding measurements of
length and breadth, as the size of the
sample to be selected is 3x2m. Otherwise,
the selected plot will not fall in the field).
Suppose, the random numbers so
selected are 25 and 32 respectively, then
locate the point where the length is 25
metre and breadth is 32 metres in the
field with the help of measuring tapes,
and on this point move 3 metres ahead
parallel to the boundary of length and 2
metres ahead parallel to the boundary of
breadth. This is the selected plot of size
3x2 metres by Random Sampling Pro-
cedure.
3. Harvest the crop (i.e. paddy etc.)
from the selected plot of size 3x2m and
record the economic yield and report on
dry (13% moisture content basis for
paddy) basis.
4. For a field of irregular shape, take
measurements of length and breadth at
different points and average the length
and breadth. Assume its boundary in a
rectangular field and then proceed as
explained above. If a selected plot falls
outside the field, a fresh pair of random
numbers is selected and proceeded in the
same manner till the required size of plot
is obtained within this irregular field.
Sampling Error :
We study a sample and draw con-
clusions about the whole population. This
is really only an estimate for the parent
universe/population. The actual value
may not be the same as the estimate
value. The difference between these two
is called ‘Sampling Error’.
Suppose, the mean of population is
m, and that of a sample is m
l
, then m – m
l
,
is called the Sampling Error. The sampling
error being the function of m, the
population parametre cannot be estima-
ted. The average of the square of samp-
ling error is called estimate of sampling
variance. The square root of the sampling
variance is the measure most commonly
used to define the average sampling error
and is called the Standard Error.
EFFECT OF INTEGRATED USE OF ORGANIC AND
INORGANIC MANURES ON YIELD PARAMETERS
OF GROUNDNUT
-Dr. K. Laxminarayana
Scientist (Soil Science)
ICAR Mizoram Centre, Kolasib.
INTRODUCTION
The fertilizer consumption in
Mizoram is around 1617 MT of nitrogen,
phosphorous and potassium, which is
very low as compared to other North
Eastern States. The fertilizer use ratio in
terms of N, P and K is 3.77:3.08:1. Tho-
ugh different organic manures is availa-
ble in huge quantities in most of the
localities in this state, practical utilisation
of these valuable organic resources is
very small and they are wasted through
runoff and erosion losses. The area and
production of different oilseeds’ in Mizo-
ram is 1920 ha and 1700 MT during
1987-88, which has increased to 7946 ha
and 8,060 MT, respectively during 1997-
98 (within 10 years). Among the oilseeds,
groundnut is predominantly grown in
low hills, mid hills and valley areas of
Mizoram. But the productivity of ground-
nut in this state is very low as compared
to the national average, which might be
due to non-adoption of modern techno-
logies in the cultivation of groundnut.
Mizoram has a great scope for improving
the yields of groundnut. In this context
an experiment was conducted to study
the effect of integrated application of
organic and inorganic manures and
graded doses of fertilizers on yield per-
formance of groundnut under mid hill
conditions of Mizoram.
METHODOLOGY
A field experiment was conducted
at ICAR Research Complex, Kolasib
during kharif 1998. Initial soil sample
was collected, processed and analysed
for important chemical constituents. The
experiment was laid out in 3 replications
with 6 treatments viz.control, 50% NPK,
100% NPK, 150% NPK, FYM @ 15t/ha.
An optimum dose of 60-40-40 kg nitro-
gen, phosphorous and potassium per ha
was followed. Nitrogen was applied in
the form of urea in 3 split doses (half at
basal, ¼ at 30 days after sowing and ¼ at
mid flowering). The entire phosphorous
and potassium were applied as basal in
the form of single super phosphate and
muriate of potash respectively. Farmyard
manure (FYM) was applied as per the
treatments well in advance of sowing of
the crop. Lime @ 1.0t/ha was applied
uniformly to all the plots in the last
ploughing. Groundnut kernels were dibb-
led at a spacing of 30x20cm. The crop
was harvested 120 days after sowing.
The yield parameters like number of
pods/plants, number of kernels/pod, 100
kernel weight, shelling percentage and
pod yield were recorded.
RESULTS
The experimental soil is acidic in
nature (pH 5.21), non-saline (EC 1.26
dS/m), medium in organic carbon
(0.65%), low in available nitrogen (243
kg/ha) and available phosphorous (22
kg/ha) and high in available potassium
(260 kg/ha).
The yield parameters of groundnut
were presented in Table 1. Highest pod
yield (26.61 q/ha) was recorded with the
integrated application of optimum dose
of NPK (60-40-40 kg N, P
2
O
5
and K
2
O/
ha) and organic manure (FYM) @15t/ha,
while it was lowest (18.67 q/ha) in
control (without fertilization). In line
with pod yield other yield attributes like
number of pods, number of kernels/pod,
100 kernel weight and shelling percent-
age were also recorded highest with the
combined application of organic manures
and inorganic chemical fertilizers.
Among the graded doses of NPK,
application of recommended dose of
fertilizers, i.e. 60-40-40 Kg N, P
2
O
5
and
K
2
O/Ha) has produced highest pod yield
(23.83 q/ha) than the application of 50%
and 150% of the recommended doses of
fertilizers. It was found that the appli-
cation of 50% and 100% NPK has
recorded an increase of 15 and 28
percent of pod yield, respectively over
control (no fertilization). Higher than
recommended doses of fertilizers show-
ed diminished trend in yield parameters
of groundnut.
It was observed that the
application of organic manure (FYM @
15t/ha) alone has recorded highest pod
yield (24.09 q/ha) as compared with the
application of chemical fertilizers. Orga-
nic manure application has showed
highest yield response (29% increase)
over control and even application of
higher than the recommended doses of
NPK fertilizers (90:60:60 kg N, P
2
O
5
and
K
2
O/ha). Highest pod yield recorded with
the application of organic manure than
the inorganic chemical fertilizers might
be due to improvement in moisture
retention and other physical properties
of soil and also enhancement of fertility
status. Combined application of optimum
dose of NPK fertilizers and organic
manure (FYM) has recorded an increase
of 12 and 43, percent pod yield in com-
parison with the application of recom-
mended dose of NPK fertilizers and
control, respectively.
In conclusion, application of
balanced fertilizers and integrated use of
both organic manures and inorganic
chemical fertilizers will sustain the crop
yields for longer time and enhance the
soil fertility and productivity.
Table 1 : Effect of integrated application of organic and inorganic manures on yield
parameters of groundnut.
Treatment
No. of
pods/plant
No. of
Kernels/pod
100 Kernel
wt. (g)
Shelling
percentage
Pod yield
(q/ha)
1. Control
15.53
1.90
40.40
65.0
18.67
2. 50% NPK
22.07
2.04
45.90
70.0
21.53
3. 100%NPK
24.40
2.10
49.70
72.0
23.83
4.150% NPK
25.14
2.04
48.70
72.0
23.01
5.FYM @ 15t/ha
25.40
2.24
50.40
73.0
24.09
6.100%NPK
+27.07
2.40
51.00
76.0
26.61
FYM @15t/ha
Mean
23.27
2.12
47.68
71.3
22.96
HRISELNA HUANG
Lalnunpuii Parte A.A.I.
Thei leh thlai hi kan hriselna atan a tha tih kan hrechiang hlawm tawh viau a,
hmanlai deuh chuan Scientist hovin Barbyhydrates, fats, protein, minerals leh vitamins
chauh hi an zir bing a, tunah erawh chuan heng lo pawh hi thil chi hrang hrang tam tak,
kan taksa in a mamawh a awm a, chung chu Phytochemicals an ti a. Heng phytochemicals
hian kan taksa a natna awm thei te a lo do let thin a ni. Chung zinga thenkhat chu –
1. PURUN VAR : Purunvar hi a thatzia chu kan hre theuh ang a, thlai zinga natna do
lam a sawilar ber a ni. Purun var hian kan taksa a natna hrik lo do let tu (Immune
System) a ti chak in, cancer leh lung thalo te pawh a veng a, antibiotic-ah pawh an
hmang tangkai hle. Hmasanga Greek mifing ho thu leh hlaah pawh purun var
chanchin leh that zia hi a chuang nasa hle. Hetianga a lar em vang hian scientist te
pawh in an zir nasa a, purun lam chi, a sen, a var etc., ho hian thil, 1 ALLACIN an tih
chu an pai a, chu chu chawkawng cancer tan a tha hle tih an hmuchhuak a ni.
Cancer leh purun in kaihhnawihna hi chu an la chhui zau lutuk lova, mahse thisen a
thau tam lutuk hi chu a tihniam thin tih an hrechiang hle.
Dose : Nikhatah purun var mal pakhat hi rawt sawm a ei.
2. SPINACH : Spinach hi Aizawlah chuan an uar ta viau mai, mahse a thatna tak tak hi
kan la hre chianglo mai thei a ni. Spinach-ah hian LUTEIN leh ZEAXANTHIN an tih
chu a awm a, chung chuan mit thalo tur a veng thei a. Journal of the American
Medical Association in a tarlan dan chuan mi 35 an test-ah chuan spinach karkhat a
vawi 5/6 ei thin te chu an mit a chhe ve lova, an rualpui (kum upa lam) te ai chuan
an mit alet in a fiah zawk a ni.
Dose : Nitin a tam thei ang ei.
3. ZIKHLUM : Zikhlum, broccoli, parbawr angah te hian Thin, Pumpui leh taksa bung
dang cancer tur a tihniam thei a ni. Zikhlum hian 70% velin cancer natna chance a
tih hniam laiin, broccoli in 56%, parbawr in 67%. Heng thlai te hi ei atana ti tha em
em tu chu GLUCOSINDATES a ni a, heng chemical zing a mi INDOLE - 3 - CARBINOL
(13C) chuan hnute cancer tur a veng thei a ni. New York khawpui a Strang Cancer
Prevention Centre chuan 13C hi damdawi mum ang a siam chhuah a, hnute cancer
dona turin hma an la mek a ni.
Dose : Nitin a tam thei ang ei.
4. SER : Serthlum, limbu tih ang chi-ah hian Vitamin C, Folate and Fibre te a pai tam a,
heng ho hi cancer natna ti tlem chi vek a ni. Serthlum etc., ah hian a oil awm
LIMONENE hi an enchhin a, chutah chuan rannung an khawi zinga Ngawt
(Tumour) nei te chuan an thatpui hle tih an hmu a ni. Tunah hian Madison a Cancer
Centre-ah chuan cancer nasa tawh ho enkawl nan an hmang chhin mek. He
limonene hi ser kawrah hian a tam ber a, mahse a tui in pawh hi a tha hle.
Dose : Nitin sertui no 1 in thin.
5. TOMATO : Tomato-ah hian LYCOPENE a awm a, chu chu mipa zun kawng cancer
tur a veng thei an ti. Lycopene hi thei leh thlai dangah pawh a awm tho va, hei hian
lung natna titlem theiin an ring bawk a ni. Tomato hi a hel a ei tur a awm loh
pawhin, sauce leh ketchup te pawh a tha tho.
Dose : Kar khatah Sauce no khat leh a chanve.
NUI LAWK ANG
Mi a dahkhawmna (mental institution) pakhatah hian doctor thar an nei a. Chu
doctor chuan chumi hmuna an enkawl ho chu tlawh kualin an natna te leh an hming te a
zawt hlawm a. Mi pakhat hnen ava thlen chuan, “Nang hi tunge I nih a, enge I hming?” a ti
a. Chu mi a pa chuan, “Hitler-a ka nih hi,” alo ti a.
Doctor chuan, “A nih tak chu le. Tun nge Hitler I ni tih hrilh che?” a ti a.
Mi a pa chuan, “Pathianin,” a ti bul hmuk a.
Chupa mutna piah chiah a mu, mi a dang pakhat chuan, “Ka hrilh lo reng reng che,”
alo ti thum bul bul e, an tih chu!
KEIMAHNI
A. PROMOTION :
Sl/No Name and Designation Promotion Place of Posting
1. R. Lalpianmawia, AAI AEO Muallungthu Circle
(Ani hi Issue hmasa a telh tur kan lo tel loh palh a ni e.)
B. TRANSFER AND POSTING :
Sl/No Name and Designation Place of Transfer and Posting
1. F. Sangkhuma, T.O. Mamit Sub-Division
Directorate of Agri. & M.I.
2. R. Lalthanpuia (Buanga), Driver DAO Office, Lunglei
Directorate of Agri. & M.I.
3. Saitluanga Sailo, Foreman Foreman Mechanical
Mechanical DAO Office (AW) Directorate of Agri. & M.I
4. R. Rozuala, AEO Aizawl South Circle
Sairang Circle
5. P. Vanlala, AEO Sairang Circle
Mamit Circle
6. Lalchungnunga, AEO Mamit Circle
Aizawl South Circle
7. J. Lalpuithanga, AEO SDAO Office, Darlawn
Ratu Circle
8. Daniala, AEO LUB Section Directorate,
Sihphir Circle Agri. & Minor Irrigation.
9. K. Vanlalrema, AEO Champhai Circle
Saitual Circle
10. Tlangtimawia Zote, AEO Research & Dev. Cell,
DAO Office (AW) Directorate of Agri. & M.I
11. Dr. Lalmuanzovi, AEO Research & Dev. Cell,
Directorate of Agri. & M.I Directorate of Agri. & M.I